Shirkadaha gawaarida kirada ah iyo xeeladaha suuq geynta khiyaanada

Qodobka sharciga socdaalka toddobaadkan, waxaan ku eegaynaa kiisas badan oo kiro ah oo kiro ah oo ku lug leh khiyaanooyin iyo dhaqammo suuq-geyn aan caddaalad ahayn oo macaamiisha ay tahay inay ogaadaan Go'aankii ugu dambeeyay ee Maxkamadda Racfaanka 11-aad ee Racfaanka ee Venerus v. Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC, Maya. 16-16993 (Janaayo 25, 2018) ayaa mar kale ixasuusineysa, kadib 40 sano oo aan wax ka qorayay sharciga safarka ee ugu xumaa, by illaa hadda, kuwa ku xadgudba xuquuqda macaamiisha ee safarka safarka waa qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha gawaarida kirada ee Mareykanka.

Kiiska Venerus, oo ku lug leh nooc ka mid ah iibsadayaasha caymiska baabuurta kireystayaasha oo ku andacoonaya, sidoo kale, jebinta qandaraaska iyo ku xadgudubka Sharciga Dhaqanka ee Khiyaanada iyo Cadaalad Darrada ah, Wareeggii 11aad ayaa dib uga noqday diidmadii Maxkamadda Degmada ee shahaadada fasalka waxayna tiri "Kiiska waxay ka timaaddaa practice Avis / Budget ('s) dhaqankeeda ganacsi ee iibinta Caymiska Dheeraadka ah ee Caymiska ama Caymiska Mas'uuliyadda Dheeraadka ah (SLI / ALI) ee macaamiisha laga kireysto dalal ka baxsan Mareykanka. Heather Venerus waxay ku andacoonaysaa… in Avis / Miisaaniyadda ay u ballanqaadday caymiska SLI / ALI siyaasad lagu bixiyay Ace American Insurance Company (ACE) caymis loo oggol yahay inuu ka bixiyo caymiska noocan oo kale ah Florida. Venerus waxay ku andacoonaysaa in kasta oo ay waajib ku tahay qandaraaska Avis / Budget inay sidaa yeelaan, laakiin siyaasad ACE ah iyo mid kale oo caymis SLI / ALI ah waligood looma iibsan, ama lama siinin, kireystayaasha ajaanibta ah ee iibsaday caymiska ikhtiyaariga ah. Taa baddalkeeda, Avis / Miisaaniyadda, oo aan ahayn shirkad caymis, ayaa loo aaneynayaa inay ku caymiso kireystayaasha ajnabiga ah lafteeda daboolida mas'uuliyadda qandaraaska ee aan lahayn siyaasad ama shuruudaha qoran. Maadaama uusan lahayn awoodii uu ku isticmaali lahaa caymiska noocan oo kale ah Florida, Avis / Miisaaniyadda ayaa la sheegay inay ka tagtay kireystayaasha iyadoon haysan caymis sharci ah oo ansax ah oo loo ballanqaaday oo ay iibsadeen ”. Intaa waxaa dheer, Maxkamaddu waxay xustay in "Avis / Miisaaniyaddu aysan ku murmin inay ka helin ACE siyaasadaha caymiska SLA / ALI".

E-Toll aan la shaacin: Kiiska Mendez

In Mendez v. Avis Budget Group, Inc, Civil Action No. 11-6537 (JLL) (DNJ November 17, 2017), tallaabo heer fasal ah oo ka wakiil ah macaamiisha adeegyada baabuurta kirada ah ee baabuurtooda kirada ah “lagu qalabeeyay laguna eedeeyay adeegsiga, nidaam elektiroonig ah si loo bixiyo khidmadaha loo yaqaan 'e-Toll' ”, Maxkamaddu waxay caddeysay fasal waddanka oo dhan ah waxayna xustay in“ Dacwad ooguhu wuxuu ku andacoonayaa in ka hor, inta lagu jiro iyo kadibba… aan lagula talin in gaariga: 1) lagu qalabeeyaa qalabka elektarooniga ah; iyo 2) runti waa ladiwaan galiyay oo waa la howl galiyay e-Toll (iyo dheeraad ah) inaan lagu wargalin in (gaarigiisa kirada ah) uu ku qalabeysan yahay qalab e-Toll ah, inuu ku qasban yahay inuu bixiyo wax ka badan inta dhabta ah dacwada la soo oogay ”. Intii lagu guda jiray safarka dacwoodaha ee Florida wuxuu ahaa, isaga oo aan ogayn, lagu soo oogay e-Toll qalabkiisa kirada ah $ 15.75 oo ay ku jiraan $ .75 oo laga qaadayo iyo "khidmad fudud" oo ah $ 15.00 "inkasta oo loo sheegay… markii uu soo celiyey gaariga in wax dambi ah oo dheeri ah laguma soo oogin ”. Sidoo kale eeg: Olivas v. Shirkadda Hertz, Dacwadda lambarka 17-cv-01083-BAS-NLS (SD Cal. Maarso 18, 2018) (Macaamiisha ayaa ka horyimid khidmadaha maamul ee lagu soo oogay isticmaalka waddooyinka lacag-la'aanta; qodobka heshiisiinta ee khasabka ah ayaa la xoojiyay) .

Isbeddelka Lacagta ee Cadaalad Darrada ah: Kiiska Margulis

Margulis v. Hay'ada Hertz, Waxqabadka madaniga ah ee 14-1209 (JMV) (DNJ Febraayo 28, 2017), ficil fasal ah oo ka hadlaya macaamiisha kireeya baabuurta dibedda, Maxkamaddu markay xallineyso muranka soo helidda waxay xustay "Dacwad ooge… Waxay bilaabeen ficilkan fasalka put ee lagu eedeynayo in Hertz ay wado qorshe balaaran oo lacag beddelid ah, oo ku suntan 'isbeddel sarrifka lacagta ah' (DCC) si ay u khiyaanayso macaamiisheeda baabuurta ka kireysta dibadda. Dacwad oogaha ayaa ku andacoonaya in Hertz ay soo xiganayso qiimaha macaamiisha ee kirada baabuurta iyada oo aan lagu darin wax khidmad ah oo lacag beddelasho ah, waxay khidmadda si toos ah ugu dallacdaa kaarka deynta macmiilka ka dibna si been ah u sheegataa in macaamilku si gaar ah u doortay beddelaadda lacagta iyo lacag-bixinta ka dambeysa Dacwad ooguhu wuxuu ku andacooday inuu ahaa dhibanaha dhaqankii DCC ee Hertz ee la xiriiray kirada baabuurta (Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo Talyaaniga) wuxuuna ku eedeynayaa jebinta qandaraaska, kobcinta xaqdarada, khayaanada iyo ku xad gudubka Sharciga Khiyaanada Macaamiisha New Jersey.

Khidmadaha Joogtada ah ee Duulimaadyada aan La Shaacin: Kiiska Schwartz

In Schwartz v. Avis Rent A Car System, LLC, Civil Action Nos. 11-4052 (JLL), 12-7300 (JLL) (DNJ June 21, 2016) waxay bixiyeen ogolaanshaha ugu dambeeya ee dejinta la soo jeediyey [doorashada lacagta ama 10 sicir-dhimis boqolkiiba kirada baabuurta mustaqbalka] tallaabo fasal hore loo caddeeyay [Schwartz v. Avis Rent A Car System, LLC, Tallaabada madaniga ah ee lambarkiisu yahay 11-4052 (JLL) (DNJ August 28, 2014)] oo wakiil ka ah fasal Avis ah macaamiisha [oo ku andacoonaya jebinta heshiiska, jebinta axdiga caqiidada wanaagsan iyo macaamil cadaalad ah iyo ku xad gudubka Sharciga Khayaanada Macaamiisha New Jersey] kuwaas oo lagu soo rogay $ 0.75 dheeraad ah oo lagu kasbado helitaanka-mayl joogto ah iyo abaalmarino kale iyagoo ka qayb galaya Barnaamijka Iskaashiga Safarka ee Avis. Markii la siinayey shahaadada fasalka waxay Maxkamadu xustay in “Dacwad ooguhu wuxuu ku doodayaa in Eedeysanayaashu ay ku kaceen laba nooc oo dhaqan anshax xumo ah: ka maqnaansho ula kac ah iyo dhaqamo ganacsi oo aan laga fiirsan… (by) iyada oo og iyadoo meesha laga saaray xaqiiqda ah in Avis ay ku soo dallacday $ 0.75 maalintii ka qaybgalka Barnaamijkeeda. 'labadoodaba ku guuldarraysiga in lagu daro [xaqiiqadan] meel dacwoodaha iyo kireystayaasha kale ee macquulka ah ay filayaan in la arko iyaga oo taas badalkeedana (illaa heer wixii shaacin ahba la bixiyo) ku qariya xaqiiqooyinkan meelo mugdi ah iyadoo ujeedadu tahay in midkoodna Dacwad-oogaha ama kireystayaasha kale ee macquul ah weligood waxay arkaan, 'Dhaqammada ganacsi ee aan la-tashan karin ee lagu eedeeyay… ayaa lagu saleeyay ka-tegitaankan ".

Khidmadaha sharci darrada ah iyo khidmadaha: Arizona AG

Gobolka Arizona v. Dennis N. Saban, Dacwada No: CV2014-005556 (Arizona Super. Febraayo 14, 2018) J. Contes wuxuu bixiyay $ 1.85 milyan oo xukun kadib shan todobaad oo tijaabo ah oo lagu ogaaday in kirada baabuurta ee Phoenix iyo kirada Saban Car wuxuu jabiyay Sharciga Khayaanada Macaamiisha ee Arizona (ARS 44-1522 et seq) adoo ku soo rogaya lacag aan sharci ahayn iyo ujuuro ugu yaraan 48,000 macaamiil ah oo ay ku jiraan "$ 3.00 ee PKG, $ 11.99 adeeg iyo nadiifin, $ 2.50 s / c", canshuuraha qasabka ah, lacagaha darawallada da'doodu kayar tahay, lacagaha lagu bixiyo lacag caddaan ah ama kaararka debitka, khidmadaha la'aanta caddaynta caymiska saxda ah, khidmadaha darawallada dheeriga ah, kharashka socdaalka gobolka ka baxsan, khidmadaha ruqsadaha darawalnimada caalamiga ah, kharashka saacadaha ka dib fasax iyo qarashka safarada, taksiga iyo wixii kale ee khidmad ah ee gaadiidka ah.

Laakiin Taasi Maahan Dhamaan

25-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ama macaamiisha baabuurta kirada ah waxay ku eedeeyeen dhaqano khiyaano iyo cadaalad daro ganacsi ah oo shirkadaha gawaarida kirada qaarkood ay ku daraan:

(1) khidmadaha xad-dhaafka ah ee ka-dhaafitaanka dhaawaca shilalka (CDW) [Weinberg v. The Hertz Corp., supra ($ 1,000 ayaa laga goynayaa caymiska taas oo macaamilku ku wareegi karo iyadoo la siinayo $ 6.00 maalintii oo loogu talagalay CDW taas oo la sii daayay sanadkiiba waxay ahayd $ 2,190 $ 1,000 qiimaha shilka dhaawaca caymiska la sheegay in aan lagala tashan karin); Truta v. Avis Rent A Nidaamka Gawaarida, Inc., 193 Cal. App. 3d 802 (Cal. App 1989) caymiska kiraystaha u gaarka ah [Super Glue Corp. v. Avis Rent A Car System, Inc., 6.00 AD 132d 2 (604d Dept. 2)].

(2) bixinta xad dhaafka ah ee bixinta shidaalka beddelka ah kadib markii gaariga kirada la soo celiyo [Roman v. Budget Rent-A-Car System, Inc., 2007 WL 604795 (DNJ 2007) ($ 5.99 gallonkiiba); Oden v. Vanguard Car Rental USA, Inc., 2008 WL 901325 (ED Tex. 2008) ($ 4.95 gallonkiiba)].

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(4) dacwadaha xad-dhaafka ah ee soo noqoshada gaariga goor dambe [Boyle v. U-Haul International, Inc., 2004 WL 2979755 (Pa. Com. Pl 2004) (“Waxaa jira qaab caam ah oo lagu dhaqmo oo lagu dalaco lacag dheeraad ah ' Muddada kirada 'inkasta oo ay jirto gabi ahaanba fashilka heshiisyada qandaraaska si loo qeexo muddada kirada, macnaha muuqda ee xayeysiinta ballaaran ee ah in gaariga lagu kireysan karo qiima go'an maalin dhan iyo ku guuldareysiga dukumiintiga qandaraaska si loo dejiyo qiime kasta oo' caymis 'sababtoo ah ku guuldareysiga soo celinta qalabka waqtigii loogu talagalay ")].

(5) qandaraasyada adhesionka [Votto v. American Car Rentals, Inc., 2003 WL 1477029 (Conn. Super. 2003) (shirkadda kirada baabuurtu kuma xadidi karto ka-dhaafitaanka dhaawaca baabuurka qodobka dhinaceeda qandaraaska; 'Heshiiska kiiskan waa tusaale caadi ah oo ku saabsan qandaraaska isku dhejinta (oo 'ku lug leh qodobo qandaraas ah oo ay diyaariyeen oo ay soo rogeen dhinac ka mid ah oo ku raaxeysanaya xoog-gorgortan xoog leh oo si lama filaan ah oo inta badan si aan macquul ahayn u xaddidaya waajibaadka iyo mas'uuliyadda kooxda qorista qandaraaska')].

(6) ku soo rogida lacago dheeri ah oo aan habooneyn [Cotchett v. Avis-A-Car System, 56 FRD 549 (SDNY 1972) masuuliyad ayaa ka saran sharciga magaalada ee dhowaan la dhaqan galiyay)].

(7) in lagu dallaco kharashka ku baxa dhab ahaantii dayactirka gawaarida burbursan [Dadka v. Dollar Rent-A-Car Systems, Inc. 211 Cal. App. 3d 119 (Cal. App. 1989) (qiimaha tafaariiqda ee yar yar ee lagu iibiyo kharashka jumlada ee dayactirka gawaarida waxyeelada leh iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaansheegta been ah)].

(8) iibinta sharci darrada ah ee caymiska [Dadka v. Dollar, supra (shirkadda baabuurta kirada ah ee mas'uul ka ah dhaqan ganacsi been abuur iyo marin habaabin ah; $ 100,000 ganaax lacageed oo la qiimeeyay); Truta, supra (CDW caymis ma ahan)].

(9) ciqaab iyo heshiis ijaareed aan lagala tashan karin [Hertz Corp. v. Dynatron, 427 A. 2d 872 (Conn. 1980).

(10) mas'uuliyad qaadasho aan la isku halleyn karin oo ah mas'uuliyadda dammaanadda [Hertz v. Transportation Corp., 59 Misc. 2d 226 (NY Civ. 1969)].

(11) dacwadaha ka baxsan gobolka ee aan la shaacin [Garcia v. L&R Realty, Inc., 347 NJ Super. 481 (2002) (macmiilku uma baahna inuu bixiyo $ 600 oo khidmad ah oo la soo rogay ka dib markii baabuur kiro ah lagu soo celiyey meel ka baxsan gobolka; ajuurada qareennada iyo kharashyada la siiyay)].

(12) ku soo rogida canshuuraha foosha xun [Commercial Union Ins. Co v. Auto Europe, 2002 US Dist LEXIS 3319 (ND Ill. 2002) (macaamiisha waxay ku andacoodeen in lagu qasbay inay bixiyaan 'canshuurta iibka ajaanibta' ama 'canshuuraha lagu daro'… markii aysan jirin canshuurtaas oo kale runti inay sababtay iyo ( shirkadda kirada baabuurta) 'cashuur' haysaa)).

(13) Ka-reebitaanka caymiska CDW ee aan habboonayn [Danvers Motor Company, Inc. v. Looney, 78 Mass. App. Ct. 1123 (2011) (ka saarida lama fulin)].

(14) ku guuldareysiga muujinta eedeymaha laga hortagi karo [Schnall v. Hertz Corp., 78 Cal. App. 4aad 114 (Cal. App. 2000) ("Oggolaanshaha qarashyada la iska ilaalin karo ee loogu talagalay adeegyada ikhtiyaariga ah way adag tahay in loo oggolaado macaamiisha in laga marin habaabiyo khidmadahaas oo kale")].

(15) ku guuldareysiga in la shaaciyo khidmadaha shatiga iyo xarunta [Rosenberg v. Avis Rent A Car Systems, Inc., 2007 WL 2213642 (ED Pa. 2007) (macaamiisha waxay ku andacoonayaan in Avis 'uu ku howlan yahay qaab iyo dhaqan uu ku khiyaaneeyo macaamiisha isagoo ku amraya a $ .54 khidmadda liisanka baabuurka maalintii iyo $ 3.95 maalintii oo ah khidmadda xarunta macmiilka 'iyada oo aan la shaacin eedeymaha ”)].

(16) hababka sheegashooyinka aan cadaaladda ahayn [Ressler v. Shirkadda Ganacsiga Rent-A-Car. 2007 WL 2071655 WD Pa. 2007) (oo la sheegay in si qaldan loo maareeyay sheegashada iyadoo la raacayo nidaamka PAI)].

Hotwire Maaha Mid Aad U Kulul

Waxaa si maldahan uga muuqata in badan oo ka mid ah dhaqamada ganacsi ee khiyaanooyinka lagu sheeganayo sheegashooyinka been abuurka ah ee xaqiiqooyinka maadiga ah. Tusaale ahaan, kiis 2013, Shabar v. Hotwire, Inc. iyo Expedia, Inc., 2013 WL 3877785 (ND Cal. 2013), macaamiil baabuur kiro ah ayaa ku eedeeyay inuu "isticmaalay websaydhka Hotwire si uu baabuur uga kireeyo baabuur kiro ah wakaaladda garoonka diyaaradaha ee Ben Gurion ee Tel Aviv, Israel. Shabar wuxuu ku andacoonayaa in qandaraaskiisa Hotwire lagu qeexay shuruudo kale, sicirka kirada maalinlaha ah ($ 14), muddo kiro ah (5 maalmood), liistada canshuuraha iyo khidmadaha la qiyaasay ($ 0) iyo wadarta safarka qiyaasta ($ 70), Shabar wuxuu ku andacoonayaa in markii uu gaariga qaadanayay ay wakaalada kiradu ka dalbatay inuu bixiyo $ 70.00 oo lagu qiyaasay qiimaha ay sheegatay Hotwire, oo lagu daray $ 60.00 dheeraad ah oo loogu talagalay caymiska mas'uuliyadaha kooxda saddexaad iyo $ 20.82 oo cashuur ah. Guud ahaan Shabar wuxuu sheeganayaa inuu "bixiyay $ 150.91, halkii uu ka bixin lahaa $ 70.00 oo ay qiyaaseyso shirkadda Hotwire". Markay diidayeen inay diidaan dacwada Shabar waxay Maxkamadu xukuntay in 'Shabar ku filan yahay sheegashada Hotwire ee cadeynta guud ee la xiriirta wadarta qiimaha lagu qiyaasay inay been ahayd ama marin habaabin loogu sameeyay qof macquul ah. Marka hore, qiyaasta ayaa been abuur ahayd maxaa yeelay Hotwire waxay si ula kac ah u dhaaftay lacago dheeraad ah oo muhiim ah oo qasab ah oo si fudud loo heli karo oo ay ogayd inay Shabar ku bixinayso kirada gaariga. Ta labaad, sicirka laga soo xigtay canshuuraha iyo khidmadaha la qiyaasay waxay ahaayeen been maxaa yeelay Hotwire way ogayd in kharashyadaasi aysan noqon doonin $ 0.00 XNUMX.

Xiriirka raaxada leh

Tusaalaha xiisaha leh ee iskaashiga la sheegayo ee u dhexeeya qaar ka mid ah dawladaha gobolka iyo warshadaha baabuurta kirada ah si loo waxyeeleeyo macaamiisha baabuurta kirada ah ayaa lagu qeexay kiiska Kaliforniya ee Shames v. Hertz Corporation, 2012 WL 5392159 (SD Cal. 2012) iyo Nevada analogues Sobel v. Shirkadda Hertz, 291 FRD 525 (D. Nev. 2013) iyo Lee v. Shirkadda Kireynta Ganacsiga, 2012 WL 3996848 (D. Nev. 2012).

Dacwada California

Sida lagu xusay Shames, supra “Sanadkii 2006, warshadaha baabuurta kirada ee rakaabka (RCD) waxay soo jeediyeen isbadal lagu sameeyo sharciga California oo markii dambena la dhaqan galiyay… Taas badalkeeda maalgalintan korodhay (lacag bixinta ee California Travel and Tourism Commission (Komishanka)) RCD waxay ahaayeen loo oggol yahay inay 'kala-soocdo' khidmadaha laga qaado macaamiisha inay xayeysiiyaan khidmadahaas si ka duwan heerka kirada saldhigga ah. Muhiimad ahaan, isbeddelada la qaatay ayaa u oggolaaday shirkadaha inay 'u sii gudbiyaan qaar ama dhammaan qiimeynta macaamiisha'. Dacwad oogeyaashu waxay ku andacoonayaan inay taasi horseeday in laba khidmado gaar ah lagu soo rogo macaamiisha baabuurta kirada ah ee firaaqada ah… lacag dhan 2.5% qiimeynta dalxiiska ayaa lagu daray qiimaha kirada baabuurta taas oo iyaduna gacan ka geysatay maalgelinta Guddiga. Dacwad oogeyaashu waxay ku andacoonayaan in Komishanku uu markaa la saftay RCDs hagaajinta qiimaha kirada baabuurta iyagoo macaamiisha ugu gudbinaya khidmadda qiimeynta dalxiiska ee 2.5%. Marka labaad, RCDs 'waxay xireen' khidmadda dhimista garoonka diyaaradaha ee horay u jirtay oo lagu soo rogay macaamiisha si ay u siiyaan garoonka diyaaradaha xaq u yeelashada ganacsi ee garoonka diyaaradaha… 9% qiimaha kirada… kireystayaasha (waxay ku andacoonayaan) inay ku bixiyeen wadarta qiimaha sare kireysi gaari oo ku yaal garoomada diyaaradaha ee Kaalifoorniya marka loo eego sida ay iyagu ahaan lahaayeen ”.

Kiisaska Nevada

In kasta oo tallaabada fasalka California Shames la xalliyey tallaabada fasalka Nevada [Sobel v. Hertz Corporation, supra] oo ku lug lahayd marinka "khidmadaha ka soo kabashada garoonka diyaaradaha" ayaa maxkamad la soo taagay, sidoo kale, haddii baasabadan ay ku xadgudubtay Nev Rev. Tiro. (NRS) Qaybta 482.31575 iyo Nevada Xeerarka Ku Dhaqanka Khiyaanooyinka Ganacsiga (NDTPA) oo leh "In ka badan $ 42… milyan oo khatar ku jirta '. Markay caddaynaysay fasalka iyo helitaanka xadgudubyo sharci ah waxay Maxkamaddu xustay in "Warshadaha baabuurta ee kirada dabayaaqadii sideetameeyadii ay ku dhexjireen dagaal qiimahoodu aad u daran yahay, dagaal ay '[kirada baabuurta] shirkadaha [ay] ka soo baxayaan dabinno lagu soo oogo dacwado dheeri ah. kireystayaasha aan laga fiirsan waxayna adeegsadeen warbaahinta xayeysiinta kala duwan inay sameeyaan '”. Maxkamaddu waxay bixisay abaalmarin celinta iyo xiisaha danbiga ee heerka sharciga.

Ugu Dambeyn  

Warshadaha gawaarida kirada ee Mareykanku waxay leeyihiin aragti xun oo ku saabsan mas'uuliyadda saaran macaamiisha. Haddii adeegyadeeda laga hortegi karo ama la beddeli karo, macaamiisha si fiican ayaa lagula taliyay inay sidaa yeelaan. Isku day Uber ama Lyft marka xigta.

Qoraaga, Thomas A. Dickerson, wuxuu ku dhintey 26-kii Luulyo, 2018 da'da 74. Naxariistiisa qoyskiisa, eTurboNews waxaa loo oggol yahay inuu la wadaago maqaalkiisa aan ku hayno faylka uu noo soo diray si aan mustaqbalka u daabacno.

Mudane. Dickerson wuxuu howlgab ka noqday Associate Justice of Apellate Division, Waaxda Labaad ee Maxkamadda Sare ee Gobolka New York wuxuuna wax ka qoray Sharciga Safarka muddo 42 sano ah oo ay ku jiraan buugaagtiisa sharciga sannadlaha ah ee la cusbooneysiiyo, Socdaalka Sharciga, Law Journal Press (2018), Litigating International Torts in Maxkamadaha Mareykanka, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Tallaabooyinka Fasalka: Sharciga 50 Gobol, Law Journal Press (2018), iyo in ka badan 500 oo qodobo sharciyeed badankooduna yihiin laga heli karaa halkan. Wixii ku saabsan sharciga socdaalka dheeraadka ah iyo horumarka, gaar ahaan waddamada xubnaha ka ah EU, riix halkan.

Akhriso inbadan oo kamid ah Maqaallada Justice Dickerson halkan.

Qodobkaan dib looma soo saari karo ogolaansho la'aan.